TV
Thursday 16th November 2023
Television: Industries and Audiences
Publicity owned Tv Channel- Public service media (PSM) is broadcasting made, financed and controlled by the public, for the public. Funded by the licence fee or government, for benefit of public
Commercial TV Channel- Commercial TV focuses on entertainment, like soap operas, dramas, game shows and reality television. profits as they have adverts.
Convergence- The coming together of technologies and institutions to create a new product or media experience into one device.
Watershed- In broadcasting, the watershed is the time of day after which programming with content deemed suitable only for mature or adult audiences is permitted. 9:00 in UK
Segmented Market- In marketing, market segmentation is the process of dividing a broad consumer or business market, normally consisting of existing and potential customers, into sub-groups of consumers based on shared characteristics.
Mainstream- The process of making something up-to-date and normal
Self regulating- Media which regulates itself like the internet (no one regulates it)
Franchise- Franchising is based on a marketing concept which can be adopted by an organization as a strategy for business expansion. Liscence from a company of a product to use format/show ( BGT gave their license to America so they can make AGT)
Channel Surfing- Channel surfing is the practice of quickly scanning through different television channels or radio frequencies to find something interesting to watch or listen to.
PSB- This describes broadcasting which serves and benefits the public.
Tv License-
Scheduling- making a decision regarding the time and date that when the advertisement appears, the frequency ads, etc.
Conglomerate- A conglomerate is a type of multi-industry company that consists of several different and unrelated business entities that operate in various industries under one corporate group.
Scheduling- showing a show for the time that matches target audience
When was Tv introduced in the UK- 1926
In 1965 how many channels where there in the Uk and what where they? 3 channels- BBC & IIV. BBC 2 came in 1964
When did ITV start? Why was it different? 1955. It was independent television, a terrestrial television station not affiliated to networks.
What Uk channels have to meet PSBin Uk?
- BBC One.
- BBC Two.
- Channel 3 (ITV1; and STV, in Northern and Central Scotland)
- Channel 4/S4C (Wales)
- Channel 5.
Who regulates Tv in the Uk? Ofcom
Who Regulates Tv in the 1960s? The government (House of Lords)
The differences in the Uk in 1960s and now:
ITV:
Reassuring The Audience
Watershed (9pm-5am) they can broadcast anything 15+ ( contains: sexual content, threat. violence, drug usage, swearing etc )
Our purpose is to entertain and connect with millions of people in the UK and globally, reflecting and shaping culture and building brands with brilliant content and creativity. This is aligned to our 2026 strategic vision, to be a leader in UK advertiser-funded streaming and an expanding global force in content.
Our Social Purpose strategy is an integral part of delivering our purpose and our strategic vision. See our Social Purpose website for further details
Our initiatives to drive growth and future value are clear. Delivering our vision will be achieved by focusing on three strategic pillars:
Expand Studios
Supercharge Streaming
Optimise Broadcast
"We earn pay revenue from platforms in the UK by licensing our HD channels and from our online streaming services".- ITV
"We work with advertisers and advertising agencies to provide unique and innovative commercial and creative partnerships and sponsorship opportunities that extend beyond pure spot advertising."- ITV- COMMERCIAL PARTNER SHIPS
Our family of channels and ITVX (and previously ITV Hub) drive significant advertising revenues from the ability to deliver mass audiences and more targeted demographics on broadcast television and addressable advertising at scale. This funds our investment in the content budget.-ITV- ADVERTISING
Love Island is the most popular ITV program- Reality and Live Tv is most popular
Our family of channels and ITVX (and previously ITV Hub) drive significant advertising revenues from the ability to deliver mass audiences and more targeted demographics on broadcast television and addressable advertising at scale. This funds our investment in the content budget.
Thursday 14th December 2023
TV Audiences
LO: To explore how audiences consume TV dramas and the appeals
. Smaller devices (iPad's, phones, laptops), anywhere in private or in public.
. Streaming apps (Netflix, Disney plus, amazon prime etc) , Live, Stream, Catch up.
Time shifted- watch whenever we want (people still watch live Tv)
Reason why people watch live Tv: Interactivity, immediacy of not getting spoiled later on, loyalty...
effects of audience:
The Active Audience
A Passive Audience: Accepts/believe everything a media tells them. Influenced easily online
A Active Audience: Makes own decisions about wether they accept what they see online in the media. They question and debate more looking into things more online.
We are more active as an audience as there are more open debates. There are different sides to a story as there would've been 50 years ago this reason can be a cause of the introduction of the internet which opens up more sources and the public can make our own news. This makes us as a society more active as we are more likely to hear more sides to a story and have more sources to look into such news.
Scheduling
. The peak viewing time is 6pm-10:30 pm.
. Audience Ratings are measured by the Broadcasters' Audience Research Board (BARB)
. Competitive Scheduling- when (usually itv andBBC) show their most viewed live shows at the same time for competition. For example BBC1 Strictly was on at the same time as X factor (ITV)
Watershed:
Overseen by OFCOM, The watershed is between 9pm and 5:30 for ages 15 plus.
After 10 o'clock 18 rated content can be shown on TV.
Used as protection from kids seeing things they shouldn't. Parents are aware of this.
TV DRAMAS:
Sub Genre:
Crime drama- Better Call Saul
Period Drama- Peaky Blinders
Teen Drama- Heart-stopper
Medical Drama- The Good Doctor
Science Fiction Drama- The Last of us
Fantasy Drama- Wednesday
Political drama- The Crown
Thursday 11th January 2024
60s
- The Beach Boys
- The Beatles
- The Rolling Stones
- The Kinks
- Pink Floyd
- Frank Sinatra
- Chuck Berry
- Nina Simone
- Elvis Presley
The 60s
LO: Research the social, historical, and political context of The Avengers
1) Most famous bands-The Beatles, The Rolling Stones
2) The Labour Party was in power in 1965
3) Hippies smoked marijuana, kids in ghettos pushed heroin, and Timothy Leary, a Harvard professor, urged the world to try LSD.
4) Wars:- The Soccer War 1969. War of Attrition 1969-70. ...
- Basque Terrorism: Spain 1968- FARC Insurgency: Colombia 1968- ...
- Six Day War 1967. Algerian-Moroccan Border Clash 1967. ...
- Black Panthers in America 1966-73. ...
- Vietnam War 1965-75. ...
- Brazilian Military Revolt 1964.
5) Protest movements, including the anti-Vietnam War movement, the women's liberation movement and the Civil Rights movement, Freedom of Speech
6) Contraceptive Pills where introduced in 60s for women
Many people was cared after the war as the Soviet Union and US were building up their army and weapons which worried people as they have nuclear weapons. The tension between the two group of countries nerved people in the 60s.
Thursday 18th January 2024
The Avengers (1965)
LO: research the TV show The Avengers
1) The producers of the show The Avengers was ITV.
2) The first episode aired on a Saturday of January 7th 1965.
3) There where 6 series in the show.
4) The last episode aired in April 1969.
5) £56,000 was the budget for each episode in season 4.
6) The target audience was mainstream adult and the secondary audience was older teenagers.
It aired on a Saturday evening as people where at home at 9:00
7mil watchers ( a lot back then) watched the show and was competing with the BBC. ITV had to depend on advertising but had money to produce the show.
Main Characters: Joan Steed (Patrick Macnee). Emma Peel (Diana Rigg)
Why people liked the show: influenced by secret agents and the Beatles, why people liked it. Adrenaline rush with adventure. Upper class style. James bond like. Described as surreal. Surprising. Shown the good parts of England, bright colors, no social problems just entertainment. Plots where wacky and sci phi.
1) The fourth series was different to the third due to a 2mil deal with Abc, it was shot on film not cassette which made it able to be edited, filmed at locations not just a studio. The production values increased, the sound was clearer and there where now able to film in colour.
The Story Line: sending agents (MC's) to a sea side town where other agents keep dossapearing there.
The characters:
Social and cultural context: British people drinking tea stereotype. Stereotypical farmer and formal men. Man offering woman drink.
Audience appeal;
Thursday 24th January
Do Now
The Avengers:
Black and white
Main characters: Emma Peel and Joan Steed (man and woman)
The Avengers: The Town Of No Return
LO: Explore the narrative, characters and appeal.
Characters in the episode: Joan Steed and Emma Peel as our protagonists. Piggy Warren. Tom Stoolwood. Mr Brandon
Stereotypes: Sea shore-we see a fisherman. Gender roles-Emma is more envolved in the action. Typical British gentleman-wears top/bowler hat and suit. England-its raining. Woman lives in wealthy apartment-very modern but is unusual for a woman.
Emma represents the younger generation of woman- has similar equalities to Steed
Steed represents the old fashioned man-
The story line was of the two main spies going undercover to unveil the disappearances of the other spies.
The gender roles have slight reverses but still hints that the man has more power than emma.
Apeals to the audience as younger women would look up to Emma as she was seen as passing the stereotypes and being badass.
Older men would enjoy it as their are posh men shown with slight comedy.
Thursday 1st February
The Avengers Town Of No Return
Audience
P ersonal Identity- Younger Women would aspire to Emma Peel as she breaks the boundaries of being a woman, Emma represents for the younger generation. Joan Steed represents an older generation from his sophisticated manners and looks.
I nformation- Learning about lives of secret agents. Lives on how the upper class lives, people would want to be like them (aspiration). Sense of Britishness, British stereotypes.
E ntertainment- The comedic genre aspects along with the show being about spy's may lean towards a younger generation. Escapist show which people can watch, interested to watch more as it includes new adventures every week.
S ocial Interaction- people would gather with friends and families in a household as not everyone had a TV. Bring people together. Cant watch it again- people would be eager not to miss it. Attachment to character's.
Genre- Action Adventure
Camera work And Editing- Cameras where new and could be filmed outside of sets which would be exciting and was a big thing back then. Better editing with dark scenes setting mood.
Mis en Scene- Emma Peel wearing tight and fashionable outfits- inspired the younger generation. Still objectified sometimes. Less props due to access to different locations.
Major Concern in the 60's:
- Cold War- Russian like uniforms- suggests the outfits of the Russian army in the Cold War.
- Threat of nuclear war- bunker full of weaponry
- Threat of foreign invasion- whole story narrative of being threatened with violence
- Espionage- spies impersonating real life people
Humour-
Melodrama-
Casting and Performance- would not be fair, goes against sexism- reassures the female audience and makes them feel included.
Commitment to duty- Emma Peel beating up a vicar-doing what she does best- fighting. Emma as a woman doesn't back don and puts up a good fight which would suprise the auidiece postitvly as they wouldn't see this representation of women in film.
Representation of the Enemy-
Social context influenced television programmes in the 60's by bending gender stereotypes. In the 1960's gender stereotypes where still around, this could be how men were more dominant over females. Film in the 60's still showed men overpowering women and them being no wear near as equal to the men. However in the Tv series 'The Avengers' gender stereotypes are reduced and bended through the main characters of Emma Peel, a strong independent woman, and Joan Steed, a sophisticated gentle man. In the episode 'The Town Of No Return' Emma Peel takes the screen with her fighting skills in the scene where she wins a fight over a vicar which was a man. This would influence Television as the new aspect of gender equality shown in 'The Avengers' was before unseen in the media 9Of woman being near as equal to men). This can make us suggest that women in society where bending the stereotypes of being a woman due to aspiring characters such as Emma Peel who represented this new generation of equality.
Furthermore, another reason on how social contexts influenced television programs was from the diverse representation of different generations.
22 February 2024
The Avengers
MEDIA LANGUAGE
camerawork- shot types, camera angle, camera movement
- long, mid, medium close up, extreme close up shots
- establishing shots- establishes where, usually wide angle and at start on film
- low angle, high angle canted angles, Ariel shot
- point of view shots camera movement: tracking, stedicam or crane shots
- hand held camera shallow focus- out of focus background and focus pull- switching focuses
Camera Movement- camera was not stedicam, it was hand held, the shakiness can increase tension and be representative of danger.
Mis En Scene- high-key and low key lighting, location/set, costume & makeup, props, casting &performance style, blocking.
costume- Emma is dressing sophisticated to present herself as upperclass, her makeup is light suggesting she wants a positive introduction. not dressing like a spy.
Editing
cgi/animation, shot/reverse shot, juxtaposition on camera, non continuity editing, cross cutting, fast paced editing, transition, graphic match-cuts between similar looking things
29th February 2024
The Avengers: extract analysis
Editing
Graphic match- similar things one to another scene Juxtaposition-different things next/after one another
montages-
Crosscutting- cuts back and forth through two things like two different locations- creates suspense
speed of editing- the pace of a scene- slow or fast tempo.
transitions: fade in and out- dissolving to or from black (suggests passing of time) /dissolves into another scene (connects the scenes or passing of time)
Post production effects: CGI, green screen
Cutting on action- cutting as someone does an action
Cut away- cut away to something else e.g (like flashbacks) (noticing certain object)
In the Avengers we see cutting on action as Joan passes Piggy the candle in the bar also graphic match of flame from candle to fire in blacksmith scene, this is linked as it foreshadows a fight between the blacksmith and Joan and hints Mrs Peel is there.
Also when Joan puts his cane around Piggy's neck is cutting on action, there is even more of cutting on action on the blacksmith fight, used to show drama and is a convention of action sequences as it shows movement and increases tension.
Crosscutting and zooming in on Emmas bag after Piggy said she wasn't there, shows he is lying
As he is is throwing a hammer around towards Joan, this is quick cutting on action.
In the Avengers there was an evident usage of frequent cutting on Action. This can be seen is the scene's where Steed is putting his cane around Piggy's neck which was a sudden action as he was walking up to Piggy calmly. This conveys conflict between from the fast paced transitioned cutting. This is used to create feelings of tension from the audience and suggests action without showing the full movement. Cutting On Action is used throughout the show and is a common technique in editing and is further used in the fight scene between Steed and the blacksmith when he was swinging a hammer around, it can be suggested Cutting On action was used for safety reasons as well.
Sound
Non diegetic; added sound over scenes like voice over and music over cross cutting ( which creates suspension )
Diegetic sound: sound the characters can hear/ present sound
Contrapuntal sound: sound that doesn't match what audience is hearing.
(At the end of the fighting scene the sound of Steed taping his hat is emphasised to show that his hat is not a normal bowler hat but a meta hat).
Contrapuntal sound is used when Peel just watched the man die, there are dogs barking in the background but they aren't seen, this shows warning and danger.
In the Avengers there is a burst of sound; organs playing which is a dramatic low sound with church choir singing as the pastor points the gun at Peel suggesting death and sounds like heavenly music and gives off a sense of ominous and also increases suspension, when the church-heavenly music stops it can suggest that the pastor is not innocent as is more of a sinner/evilly which is supported when we see him threaten Peel with a gun. This is used as it focuses more on the situation between the two characters showing importance to the scene.
07 Thursday March 2024
Do Now:
1) Camerawork sound, mise-en-scene, editing
2) 2
3) 5
In the Avengers we see cutting on action as Joan passes Piggy the candle in the bar also graphic match of flame from candle to fire in blacksmith scene, this is linked as it foreshadows a fight between the blacksmith and Joan and hints Mrs Peel is there. This graphic match being used in the scene 38:43 where there is a lighted candle that the cutting on action transitions to a flamed blacksmiths tool. This could've been used to show foreshadow danger because the connotations to fire is danger and the opening scene of the blacksmiths workshop can suggest another interpretation to the foreshadowment of the fight scene we see later on between the Blacksmith and Steed. This effect is frequently used in TV as it can either increase or decrease tension based on the context, also, it can symbol something in the show or have connotations/foreshadow.
Camerawork is used to create meaning in television. An example of this is the multiple technique usage of Zooming in, as we see in the scene of the Zoomed on bags which belonged to Emma Peel. This can indicate meaning of emotions, in ways which depending on what is zoomed in on will depict what we can acknowledge from the scene. Us as viewers can see her bags are being zoomed in on after the character Piggy says that Peel isn't their (which we can gather he is lying). This effect of zooming in is used to question the audience on where she is, this can emerge emotions from the audience, increasing the tension and pressuring the audience on wanting to watch more to reveal the truth. In this scene the slight shake when zooming up can create meanings and connotations of danger and bewilderedness.
It is evident that the extract creates tension, we can see this in various scenes. Conflicts between characters ina fight scene builds tension as an audience anticipates the resolution of the conflict. When we see the scene of Peel and the Vicor there is a use of,
CUFFS
Thursday 21st March 2024
Do Now: Changed attitudes in todays society and the society of the 1960s:
- Patriarchy society. Heavy dominated by men
- Unequal rights. Men had higher wages than women and today it is more equal
- LGBT was hardly ever spoke of
- TV's where in one solid place, the living room, people had to gather around it. Limited technology than today.
- people where more racist
Television in the 2010's
In 2010 it was made illegal to discriminate someone based on their protected characteristics ( gender, race, sexuality, religion, disability etc ).
New threat of terrorism since 9/11.
Fear of Brexit- stirred up racism
Rioting in London for 2010 (BLM), unequal treatment from police because of racial and gender inequality. The issue was reduced by now but still a problem.
Knife-crime increasing.
Watershed (9pm-5am) they can broadcast anything 15+ ( contains: sexual content, threat. violence, drug usage, swearing etc )
Cuffs is a family audience as it was shown before watershed
Main Charaters:
Thursday 18th April
More women in charge
Gay character
poc
Cuffs & Audience Appeal
LO: to analyse the audience appeal
The Hero- (Police )PC Jake Vickers, stopped a stabbing
The Villain- Guy who was about to kill Ryan
The Donor- Ryan Draper
The Helper- Donna Prager
The Princess-Jake Vickers
The Princesses father- Jakes dad
Audience Appeals (U&G)
Personal Identity, Information, entertainment, social Interaction
Personal Identity- Young Gay people may relate to the character PC Jake Vickers
Information- Whenever a new crime comes up we reveal the info of the case with the characters.
Entertainment- dramatic series but is realistic and is what happens to the real world but still having drama to keep the audience entertained.
Social Interaction- Discussing the show
1) stronger roles of Women- shown in the episode we watched where Donna was chasing after criminals and she ran faster than Lino.
2) The Drug addict was breaking down showing weakness towards Jake and Ryan showing empathy, and Jake being openly homosexual.
3) Women are in higher power and involved with cases like Jo with the kidnapped daughter. Donna being more able than Jake.
Donna is represented as confident and in charge. She is responsable over other other officers as she was comanding PC Lino around and telling him orders and generally being a better officer.
Thursday 25 April 2024
The police were shown in Cuffs as a realistic representation of the real world with real crimes- hints f social realism. The police have characters that are seen as stronger than others for example Donna (a woman) being in charge as Lino (a man ).
Cuffs & Social Contexts
LO: To analyse representation and influence of social & cultural context in the show Cruffs.
Jake is represented as an open character who goes against fragile masculinity and is a character who speaks up and is more open with himself and other people. This is unusual for male stereotypes especially gay male stereotypes as they aren't as open as straight people. He is still shown as masculine after punching someone which is normally what the average Masculine man would do in a Tv show and also portray them as badass. This tells us that society is more accepting and people have changed perspectives and views.
Felix Cane is represented as not as typically masculine as a character like Jake and is shown as an Introvert. This is shown when he shows little emotion when interrogating a woman about the kidnapping case. He is more mentally tough than physically. He is calm in serious situations unlike Jake who shouted and stormed in. Felix is mentally strong and is very very professional, trying to impress. He is a heads down worker and is often isolated as we see him most of the time alone, seems to be out of his own choice which supports him being portrayed as an introvert. 
Ryan is representation of a mixture of Masculine and feminine. An example of this is how he handles stressful situations; calmly and determined (when confronting the drug addict he doesn't shout through the door like Jake but instead speaks calmly and understandably ). He is very empathetic as well as being strong minded and physically strong and determined and speaks up when there is something or someone wrong.
Age- the younger generation is seen as more laid back apart from the antisocial groups
Jo has a complicated life because of the affair she has with her boss.
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